A na-ejikarị ihe ndị na-eme ihe na-emepụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ injinia n'ihi na ha dị elu, ọtụtụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ na ụgwọ dị ala. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, a na-ejikwa ihe ndị na-abụghị ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ngwa dị iche iche maka ihe ha kapịrị ọnụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere alloys na-agbanye mmiri n'agbanyeghị oke ọnụ ahịa ha. Enwere ike inweta ihe eji arụ ọrụ n'ime alloys ndị a site na ịrụ ọrụ, ịgbatị afọ, wdg, mana ọ bụghị site na usoro ọgwụgwọ ọkụ na-ejikarị eme ihe. Fọdụ n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi na-abụghị nke nwere mmasị bụ aluminom, ọla kọpa, zinc, na magnesium
1. Aluminom
N'ime alloys niile na-anaghị arụ ọrụ, aluminom na ngwongwo ya dị ezigbo mkpa n'ihi ezigbo ọrụ ha. Fọdụ akụrụngwa nke aluminom dị ọcha nke ejiri ya na ụlọ ọrụ injinịa bụ:
1) Ezigbo thermal conductivity (0.53 cal / cm / C)
2) Ezigbo ọkụ eletrik (376 600 / ohm / cm)
3) Obere njupụta (2.7 g / cm)
4) Ebe agbaze ala (658C)
5) Ezigbo nguzogide corrosion
6) Ọ dịghị egbu egbu.
7) O nwere otu ihe ngosipụta kachasị elu (85 ka 95%) na oke dị ala (4 ka 5%)
8) Ọ dị nnọọ nro na ductile n'ihi nke ọ nwere ezigbo ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
Offọdụ n'ime ngwa ebe a na-ejikarị ezigbo aluminom eme ihe bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ eletriki, ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ, nkeji ikuku ikuku, ihe ngosi anya na ọkụ, na mpempe akwụkwọ na ngwugwu.
N'agbanyeghị ngwa ndị bara uru dị n'elu, anaghị eji aluminom eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihi nsogbu ndị a:
1) Ọ nwere obere ike ọdụdọ (65 MPa) na ike (20 BHN)
2. O siri ike ịgbado ọkụ ma ọ bụ ịgbado ọkụ.
Enwere ike imezi ngwongwo nke aluminom nke oma site na alloying. Isi alloying ọcha eji bụ ọla kọpa, manganese, sịlịkọn, nickel na zinc.
Aluminom na ọla kọpa mejupụtara kemịkal CuAl2. N'elu okpomọkụ nke 548 C ọ na-agbaze kpamkpam na mmiri mmiri aluminom. Mgbe nke a na-ada oyi ma na-eme agadi (na-ejide oge na 100 - 150C), a na-enweta alloy siri ike. CuAl2, nke na-emeghi agadi enweghị oge iji kpalie site na ngwọta siri ike nke aluminom na ọla kọpa ma yabụ nọ n'ọnọdụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe (juputara na ime ụlọ). Usoro ịka nká na-ebute ihe dị mma nke CuAl2, nke na-akpata ike nke alloy. A na-akpọ usoro a ihe ngwọta harden.
Ihe ndi ozo eji eme ihe bu ihe dika 7% magnesium, rue 1. 5% manganese, rue 13% silicon, rue 2% nickel, rue 5% zinc ma rue 1.5% iron. E wezụga ndị a, titanium, chromium na columbium nwekwara ike ịgbakwunye na obere percentages. The mejupụtara nke ụfọdụ ahụkarị aluminum alloys eji na-adịgide adịgide ịkpụzi na-anwụ mgbatị e nyere na Isiokwu 2. 10 na ha na ngwa. The n'ibu Njirimara anya nke ihe ndị a mgbe ndị a na-ajụ iji na-adịgide adịgide Ebu ma ọ bụ nsogbu anwụ mgbatị e gosiri na Isiokwu 2.1
2. Ọla kọpa
Yiri aluminom, ọla kọpa dị ọcha na-achọtakwa ngwa dị ukwuu n'ihi ihe ndị na-esote ya
1) Igwe eletrik nke ọla kọpa dị ọcha dị elu (5.8 x 105 / ohm / cm) n'ụdị ya dị ọcha. Obere adịghị ọcha ọ bụla na-ewetu ala ahụ na-arụ ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, phosphorous 0. 1% na-ebelata nrụpụta site na 40%.
2) Ọ nwere oke nrụpụta ọkụ dị elu (0. 92 cal / cm / C)
3) Ọ bụ igwe dị arọ (ike ndọda 8.93 akọwapụtara)
4) Ọ nwere ike ịbanye ngwa ngwa site na brazing
5) Ọ na-eguzogide corrosion,
6) Ọ nwere agba dị ụtọ.
A na-eji ọla kọpa dị ọcha eme ihe nke waya eletriki, Ogwe bọs, eriri nnyefe, tubing friji na piping.
Ngwongwo igwe nke ọla kọpa na steeti ya adịghị mma. Ọ dị nro ma dịtụ ike. Enwere ike ichota ya iji meziwanye ihe eji eme ihe. Isi alloying ọcha ji bụ zinc, tin, edu ndú na phosphorous.
A na-akpọ alloys nke ọla kọpa na zinc ọla. Site na ọdịnaya zinc ruo 39%, ọla kọpa na-etolite otu usoro (α-phase). Alloys ndị a nwere akwa ductility. Agba nke alloy ka na-acha uhie uhie rue ọdịnaya zinc nke 20%, mana karịa nke ahụ ọ na-acha edo edo. Ihe akụrụngwa nke abụọ akpọrọ appears-phase na-egosi n'etiti 39 na 46% nke zinc. Ọ bụ n'ezie CuZn nke na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke na-eme ka ike sie ike. Ike nke ọla na-ebuwanye ibu mgbe etinyere obere manganese na nickel.
A na-akpọ alloys nke ọla kọpa na tin. Dị ike na ume nke ọla nchara na-abawanye site na nsị na ọdịnaya tin. A na-ebelata ductility ahụ na mmụba na pasent pasent karịa 5. Mgbe a gbakwụnyekwara aluminom (4 ka 11%), a na-akpọ alloy na-esi na ya pụta bụ aluminom ọla kọpa, nke nwere nnukwu nguzogide corrosion. Bronzes dị oke ọnụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọla kọpa n'ihi ọnụnọ nke tin nke bụ ọla dị oke ọnụ.
3. Ngwongwo ndi ozo na-enweghi ike
Zinc
A na-eji zinc bụ isi na injinia n'ihi okpomọkụ ya na-agbaze (419.4 C) na nguzogide corrosion dị elu, nke na-abawanye na ịdị ọcha nke zinc. A na-ebute nguzogide corrosion site na nhazi mkpuchi oxide na-echebe n'elu. Isi ngwa nke zinc na-na-galvanizing iji chebe ígwè si corrosion, na-ebi akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ na-anwụ mgbatị.
Ihe ọghọm nke zinc bụ anisotropy siri ike gosipụtara n'okpuru ọnọdụ adịghị mma, enweghị nkwụsi ike akụkụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ ịka nká, nbelata ike mmetụta na okpomoku dị ala na ịdị nro nke nsị. Enweghị ike iji ya rụọ ọrụ karịa okpomọkụ nke 95.C n'ihi na ọ ga - eme ka mbelata ike na ike ike.
Ya nile ojiji na-anwụ castings bụ n'ihi na ọ na-achọ ala nsogbu, nke na-arụ na elu anwụ ndụ tụnyere ndị ọzọ anwụ mgbatị alloys. Ọzọkwa, ọ nwere ezigbo arụmọrụ. Ọgwụgwụ nke zinc na-enweta na-abụkarị ihe zuru oke iji kwado nhazi ọ bụla, belụsọ maka mwepụ nke ọkụ dị na ụgbọelu na-ekewa.
Magnesium
N'ihi ịdị arọ ha dị nfe na ezigbo ike igwe, a na-eji allones magnesium arụ ọrụ dị oke elu. Maka otu ahụ siri ike, alloys magnesium chọrọ naanị 37. 2% nke ịdị arọ nke C25 nchara na-echekwa na ibu. Abụọ isi alloying ọcha ji bụ aluminom na zinc. Alloys magnesium nwere ike ịbụ aja ájá, na-adịgide adịgide ebu nkedo ma ọ bụ nwụọ. Njirimara nke ájá-cast magnesium alloy components jiri ya tụnyere nke nkedo na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ ihe nkedo na-anwụ anwụ. Ngwunye ndị na-anwụ anwụ na-ejikarị ọla kọpa nwere nnukwu ọla kọpa ka ha wee mee ha site na ọla nke abụọ iji belata ụgwọ. Ha na-eji na-eme ka ụgbọala, crank ikpe, wdg The elu ọdịnaya, na elu n'ibu ike nke magnesium-rụrụ alloys dị ka akpọrepu na esorowo mmiri. Enwere ike ịgbanye alloys magnesium site na ọtụtụ usoro ịgbado ọkụ ọdịnala. Ngwongwo bara ezigbo uru nke alloys magnesium bu igwe ha di elu. Naanị ihe ha chọrọ bụ ihe dịka 15% nke ike maka ịkwanye ya na ígwè carbon.
Post oge: Dec-18-2020